Which theory was proposed to explain how learners internalize language via a monitoring mechanism that can affect performance?

• A. Interactionist Theory
• B. Natural Approach
• C. Monitor Model
• D. Content-Based Approaches

Answer: (C)

Language development is shaped by a monitoring mechanism that can steer what learners actually produce. This idea comes from the Monitor Model, proposed by Selinker, which posits a separate, conscious monitor that applies explicit knowledge to edit form and usage in real time. The monitor can improve accuracy when there’s enough time and focus on form, but under tight time pressure or with limited explicit knowledge, it can hinder fluency or cause rule-based errors to surface less naturally. This framework also explains why learners often show a mix of correct forms and mistakes, as automatic interlanguage use competes with the conscious editor. Other theories emphasize social interaction, comprehensible input, or learning through content, but none center on a dedicated monitoring mechanism that can modulate performance in this way.